Section 1: Citizenship and civil rights

• Citizenship Clause
  • Overruled SCOTUS decision that African Americans could not become citizens
  • Constitutionalised birthright citizenship from Civil Rights Act 1866
  • Trump issued Executive Order 14160 which attempted to deny this right to children of illegal immigrants.
    • Currently not addressed by SCOTUS/Congress (as of 2025-10-03)
    • Enforcements have been blocked as unconstitutional by multiple federal judges
• Equal Protection Clause
  • Constitutionalised anti-discrimination from Civil Rights Act 1866
  • Protects all people within the jurisdiction of the United States
  • Plyer v. Doe (1982) – SCOTUS prevented state gov from restricting public education on basis of child’s immigration status